Philosophy Day 2

What kind of being am I?

METAPHYSICS - The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of reality

EPISTEMOLOGY - The branch of philosophy that studies the nature and scope of knowledge.

VALUE THEORY

• ETHICS - The branch of philosophy that studies and evaluates human conduct
• AESTHETIC - The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of beauty

SYNCHRONICITY
Desa Vu

QUESTIONS;

• How do I know I am right in what I think?
• How will I ever know if I am wrong?
• Am I real?
• Is there any reason to treat strangers differently than the people I love?

Mr. Schick told us about a time when he invited a homeless man into a restaurant to get food and stay warm. He explained that the stranger was just like anyone else with a few things that went wrong in his life. He wasn't a drug addict, a drunk, or just being lazy. He was really just trapped in his situation and didn't want to lean on family for help.

Philosophy

What is Philosophy? -

• What is the very nature of reality 
• Why do you do what you do, why do you feel what you feel, why do you think what you think
• Mythos (story-telling) vs. Philos (science) 
• Philosophia - The 💖 love of wisdom
• Philosophy - The academic study of anything.
• Maybe we need philosophy NOW more than EVER.
• Philosophy came to be understood more as a way of thinking about questions 
• Sometimes you NEVER know the answers

BIG PHILOSOPHY QUESTIONS

• What is the world like
• What is the nature of reality?
• Is the world just made of matter and energy, or is there something else going on?

KOANS:

• When you can do nothing, what can you do?
• What is the colour of wind?

Two monks were arguing about the temple flag waving in the wind.
One said, “The flag moves.”
The other said, “The wind moves.”
They argued back and forth but could not agree.
Hui-neng, the sixth patriarch, said: “Gentlemen! It is not the flag that moves. It is not the wind that moves. It is your mind that moves.”
The two monks were struck with awe.

Philosopherlapalooza - Socrates

• Looked to science and logic (not the mythological gods) for explanations on how the world worked
• The socratic method fostered critical thinking 
• "I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
• Don't Just listen to teachers, think for yourself

more Socrates

• "The unexamined life is not worth living"
• Socrates was charged with serious crimes
• Impiety (disrespecting the gods)
• Corrupting the youth of Athens
• at his trail, he described himself as a stinging gadfly, and Athens as a lazy old horse
• did not deny what he had done; asked for free dinner
• found guilty by an Athenian jury, and sentenced to death by drinking poison hemlock

Plato carries on

• Plato was a student and follower of Socrates
• He wrote out Socrates' teachings, and described his trial in Apology
• Republic was Socrates' discussion of justice and the ideal state - one of the most influential books on philosophy ever written

Aristotle - so ambitious

• Student of Plato
• Believed Athens should be an intellectual destination
• his school - the Lyceum - focused on cooperative research 

Democracy and Greece's Golden Age

From 477-431 BCE, Athens grew greatly in intellectual and artistic aspects. This period is known as the Golden Age of Athens. This is when drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, and science were all advanced.

Pericles
Pericles led Athens ofr a long part of the Golden Age. He held support for 32 years. HE was a skillful politician, an inspiring speaker, and respected general. He dominated Athens life from 461 to 4290 BCE. His goals were to: strengthen Athenian democracy, hold and strengthen the empire and glorify Athens. For his first plan to strengthen democracy, he increased the number of public officials. He allowed anyone to be a public official, not, just the ones who could afford it. This made Athens one of the most direct democracies in history.

"Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. When it is a question of settling private disputes, everyone is equal before the law, when it is a question of putting one person before another in positions of public responsibility, what counts is not membership in a particular class, but the actual ability which the man possesses. No one, so long as he has it in him to be of service to the state, is kept in political obscurity because of poverty.
PERICLES, "The Funeral Oration," from Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War

Athenian Empire
After the Persians were defeated, Athens created the Delian League. Athens ended up holding all of the power in the Delian League. From the money raised

Test

We took the test today and I was really surprised on how I felt about it because I thought I was gonna fail. It ended up.being pretty easy. The only question that I was really confused with was the Map because I couldn't remember what Macedonia was but I'm still mad.

Ancient Greece Movie

Cleisthenes was brought up from birth to become a ruler. Cleisthenes knew that regular people should have the chance to have freedom and be able to govern themselves. Cleisthenes was born in 570 BCE. he was told his whole life that he was an aristocrat. Aristocrats were the leaders in Athens for a very long time. Around that time, life expectancy at birth was only 15 years. Life was extremely tough. The Greek writer, Aristotle thought the world was riddled with faults. Greece seemed like un unlikely and for civilization due to its geography. It does not have physical unity like the other great civilizations did. It was very mountainous which was not good for an ideal civilization, however, Greece defied the odds. Most other powerful civilizations were surrounded by many rivers and streams, while Greece was surrounded by mountain ranges. The Iliad and the Oddessy tell of mighty battles and extreme struggles with the heart being the heroes.

Other facts:

• Athenians achieved wealth and posterity from trading 
• Athens' first great artistic legacy was the vase
• Vases were not a big deal in Greece, it was more of what was the inside of the vase that mattered
• Vases were used for transporting oils and food
• Greeks developed a new style of art
• Greek vases were so good because the potters wanted to out do each other
• The vases showed the ordinary peoples talents
• Hippias was a tyrant 
• When Hippies's brother was killed, he became a very violent and extreme tyrant 
• He became DRACONIAN 😉😉
• The beginning of the olympics was in Greece
• They were taken place in Olympus 
• A nobleman could race against a potter or farmer
• As soon as Cleisthenes gained power he discovered that others were conspiring against him
• Isagoras was an athenian aristocrat who believed power was his right and he wanted to beat out Cleisthenes 
• Isagoras turned outside Athens for support in his campaign 
• He went to Sparta
• It is thought that Isagoras shared his wife with a Spartan king
• Isagoras wanted to turn Athens into a subject state to Sparta
• Over 700 houses were cast out of Athens including Cleisthenes and his families 
• Cleisthenes left the city under a dictatorship again
• Greek architecture greatly increased and in turn made democracy better
• Greeks voted by using white pebbles for yes and black pebbles for no
• Athenian democracy is much different from our democracy today
• Democracy represented the ordinary Greeks
• Ordinary greeks could be just as powerful as the rich in government 
• Started one of the greatest flowering of civilizations the world has ever seen.

Gods, Spartans, Triremes

Who's who in the pantheon

• Zeus- Ruler of heaven and earth; father of Athena; god of the sky, weather, thunder, lightning, law, order, and justice. Had a temper and was known to hurl thunderbolts.
• Athena- Goddess of wisdom, skill, warfare (and peace), intelligence, battle strategy, and handicrafts. She was born from zeus's forehead fully formed and armored. A special patron of heroes such as Odysseus. She was the patron of Athens (the city was named after her)
• Apollo- God of music, arts, knowledge, healing.
• Zeus was his father, Artemis was his twin
• Associated with the sun, his sister with the moon
• Poseidon- God of the sea, rivers, floods, earthquakes 
• Zeus's brother
• Aphrodite- Goddess of love, beauty, desire, sexuality 
• her lovers include Ares (god of war), Adonis (demigod of desire), and Unionizes(a mortal who fathered a baby)
• Demeter- Goddess of grain, harvest, agriculture
• Zeus's sister

The fighting spartans

• Greeks were certainly a war like people - especially the spartans 
• Spartans were known for their tough, ruthless infantry 
• Spartan boys trained from the time they were seven
• Real spartans were much more fearsome than those oily gym rats in the movie.

Athens - naval power

• Athens had a great infantry, too, but nothing could compare to their navy.
• Their most effective weapon was the Trireme

Trireme

• A technological marvel
• Fastest ship in the world at the time
• Rowed up to 170 men on three levels
• Could be used as a battering ram
• Agile, fast

The silent protest

Today in Western Civ we silently protested I don't really know what for but I thought it was to demonstrate ancient greece people but I'm still a little confused either way I enjoyed it,

HONORS WESTERN CIV CLASS IS THE BEST

I think the protest is a good idea and it shows how in 508 BCE the Ancient Greeks protested so we are modeling like them. This class is a DEMOCRACY. 

Greeks gods

Gods and Goddesses

• What is unique about the Greek's relationship with their gods is the interaction with humans.
• Poseidon (God of the sea) interfered with Odysseys trying to return home in the Odyssey
• Aphrodite (Goddess of love) had lovers of both God's and men
• Dionysus (God of wine) was a son of zeus (a God) and of Semele (a human princess)
• and on and on and on

The Greek Gods were important and they had a lasting impact in the society and Greek culture. They shaped the lives for the citizens and carried many stories that enriched Greek culture. Even though they were not real, they were a crucial aspect in the lives of Greeks.

Textbook page 2

• Agora - Also known as the acropolis, where citizens gathered to discuss political actions. 
• Polis - Made of the city and its surrounding countryside.
• Monarchy - A government that is ruled by a single person who holds all the power. (a king). The leader usually assumes his/ her power through heredity. Succession usually follows from a father to a son. The society usually supports an indigenous leader who will properly represent its historical goals and advance its interests. However, since the citizens do not have a say in who assumes power, this does not always happen.
• Aristocracy - Rule by a small group of noble, very rich, landowning families. The term derives from the Greek aristokratia, meaning "rule of the best". The representation of government only includes a certain class.  The Greeks considered the aristocracy the most qualified citizens to rule the government. Although this is considered more beneficial to the common people, it is still very exclusive and excludes a large amount of the population.
• Oligarchy - Wealthy groups, dissatisfied with Aristocratic rule, who seized power (often with military help. The small group of people could be decided by many factors such as nobility, wealth, family ties, education, or military control.
• Symposiums - Meetings where the elite men would enjoy wine and poetry, performances by dancers and acrobats, and the company of hetaeras (courtesans) while they discussed.
• Draco - A nobleman who took power in 621 BC. He developed a legal code based on the idea that all Athenians, rich and poor, were equal under the law. He made death the punishment for practically every crime.
• Solon - A ruler who came to power in 594 BC and outlawed debt slavery, all Athenian citizens can speak at the assembly, and any citizens can press charges against wrongdoers.
• Isagoras - An Athenian aristocrat in the late 6th century BCE. He had remained in Athens during the tyranny of Hippias, but after Hippias was overthrown, he became involved in a struggle for power with Cleisthenes, a fellow aristocrat.
• Cleisthenes - Statesman regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy, serving as chief archon (highest magistrate) of Athens (525–524).
• Direct Democracy - A government where citizens ruled the city-state. The rule was based on citizenship. Citizens decided on laws based on majority rule. Their method of voting consisted of using white and black stones which would represent yes and no.
• Tyrant - In Ancient Greece, someone who rules outside the framework of the polis. Usually a powerful individual who seized control by appealing to the common people for support.

Textbook page

Rule and Order in Greek city-states

By 750 BCE, the polis was the fundamental political unit in Ancient Greece. The polis was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside. City-states usually covered and controlled 50-500 sq. miles of the territory. It usually housed around 10,000 residents. In the agora or acropolis citizens gathered to discuss political actions.

Types of Government in Greek city-states

Monarchy - A government that is ruled by a single person who holds all the power. (a king)

Aristocracy - Rule by a small group of noble, very rich, landowning families

Oligarchy - Wealthy groups, dissatisfied with Aristocratic rule, who seized power (often with military help.

Democracy in Ancient Greece

In Ancient Greece, at one point that practiced a Direct Democracy. The citizens ruled the city-state. Their rule was based on citizenship. They decided on laws based on majority rule. Their method of voting consisted of using white and black stones which would represent yes and no. They would bring up an issue in the agora and various citizens would argue either side until they thought it was fit to vote. When they voted, they would make piles of the stones, white ones meaning yes, and black ones meaning no. After the citizens voted, whichever pile had a larger pile of stones would decide the outcome of the issue. This was first practiced under Cleisthenes in around 500 BCE.

Aristocracy

The Aristocracy was ruled by members of the ruling class. They attended symposiums, meetings where the elite men would enjoy wine and poetry, performances by dancers and acrobats, and the company of hetaeras (courtesans) while they discussed.